A Lesson Plan for Teaching Three-Digit Place Value

In this lesson plan, second-grade students further develop their understanding of place value by identifying what each numeral of a three-digit number stands for. The lesson takes one 45-minute class period. Supplies include: Regular notebook paper or a math journalBase 10 blocks or base 10 block stampsNotecards with the numerals 0 through 9 written on them Objective The object of this lesson is for students to understand what the three digits of a number mean in terms of ones, tens and hundreds and to be able to explain how they came up with answers to questions about larger and smaller numbers.   Performance Standard Met: Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent quantities of hundreds, tens, and ones; e.g., 706 equals 7 hundreds, 0 tens, and 6 ones. Introduction Write 706, 670, 760 and 607 on the board. Ask the students to write about these four numbers on a sheet of paper. Ask Which of these numbers is largest? Which number is the smallest? Step-by-Step Procedure Give students a few minutes to discuss their answers with a partner or a tablemate. Then, have students read aloud what they wrote on their papers and explain to the class how they figured out the larger or smaller numbers. Ask them to decide what two numbers are in the middle. After they have had a chance to discuss this question with a partner or with their table members, solicit answers from the class again.Discuss what the digits mean in each of these numbers and how their placement is vitally important to the number. The 6 in 607 is very different from the 6 in 706. You can highlight this to students by asking them if they would rather have the 6 quantity in money from the 607 or the 706.Model 706 on the board or on an overhead projector, and then have students draw 706 and other numbers with base 10 blocks or base 10 stamps. If neither of these materials is available, you can represent hundreds by using large squares, tens by drawing lines and ones by drawing small squares.Afte r you do model 706 together, write the following numbers on the board and have students model them in order: 135, 318, 420, 864 and 900.As the students write, draw or stamp these on their papers, walk around the classroom to see how students are doing. If some finish all five numbers correctly, feel free to provide them with an alternate activity or send them to finish up another project while you focus on the students who are having trouble with the concept.To close out the lesson, give every child a notecard with one numeral on it. Call three students to the front of the class. For example, 7, 3 and 2 come to the front of the class. Have the students stand next to each other, and have a volunteer read the threesome. Students should say Seven hundred thirty-two. Then ask students to tell you who is in the tens place, who is in the ones place, and who is in the hundreds place. Repeat until the class period is over. Homework Ask students to draw five three-digit numbers of their choice using squares for hundreds, lines for tens, and small squares for ones. Evaluation As you are walking around the class, take anecdotal notes on the students who are struggling with this concept. Make some time later in the week to meet with them in small groups or—if there are several of them—reteach the lesson at a later date.

Problem Human Rights Violations In Sino-Africa Cooperation

Problem: Human Rights Violations in Sino-Africa Cooperation China’s increasing presence in Africa has been exposed to international critiques for human rights violations. Rampant land grabbing by Chinese companies, labor abuses in Chinese factories and farms, and China’s close bonds with authoritarian governments are three major problems that have become protuberant, impeding the progress of China’s â€Å"Going-Abroad† strategy in Africa. Take China’s footprint in the African agricultural sector, for example. According to Human Rights Watch in 2012, the agriculture investment contract between China and Ethiopia helped foment the legitimacy of the notorious â€Å"Villagization† program through which the Ethiopian government forcibly relocated†¦show more content†¦As Chinese investments grow to be a major source of foreign direct investment in Africa , it accords with China’s long-term interest to improve Chinese investmentsâ₠¬â„¢ humanitarian record in Africa and take up broader responsibilities for African development. There are two tendencies to explain why the Chinese government needs a redirection of Sino-Africa cooperation : a) Growing resistance to Chinese money has been proved by the increasing number of conflicts between Chinese companies and the local communities; cases are found in Kenya, Mozambique, just to name a few. b) The international public opinion has been pervasively depicting Chinese investments as a â€Å"neo-colonialism† in Africa, which is not completely true but has burdened China with diplomatic pressure on human rights issues. As current Chinese policies towards Sino-African cooperation give tacit consent to humanitarian misconduct of Chinese entities and indiscriminately upper-level cooperation with some authoritarian governments, such a politically unsustainable strategy jeopardizes not only the reputation of Chinese companies but also the national image of China overseas. China’s long-term stance in Africa calls for a reform on China’s African policies. Since the problems in Sino-Africa cooperation derive from the deficiency of Chinese African policy and the ineffective surveillance system from both inside and outside, our fundamental solution is toShow MoreRelatedChina and Africa Trade Relations Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagesplayed an important role in human history. Whether the swapping of an apple for an orange, or $12 million dollars for a new dam, the fluid movement of goods and services from one to another is how humans have been able to receive things they might not have had access to before. In the international community, trade is more important than ever, as it helps nations create camaraderie between each other, while simultaneously building their economies. Due to this, Africa has felt a burgeoning hopeRead MoreRussian Foreign Policy Paper3009 Words   |  13 Pagesover 15% of Russias overall trade volume . 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Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesRead MoreIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 Pagesunderstanding. Starting from these general observations, the main characteristics of intercultural communication can be established: †¢ Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. †¢ Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In thisRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesexchange rates. See page 21. 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Ethics and Morality Free Essays

â€Å"In philosophy we have a problem knowing the origin of right and wrong, there are various theories and ideas but we do not seem to have a definite answer to this question. † By Jamee Ford In life people are brought up in different homes, surrounded by different people and are taught different ways of life. As we grow up we are taught the difference between what is considered right and what is considered wrong, which is based on what is socially acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Morality or any similar topic only for you Order Now We learn from a young age how we are expected to behave, the rules we have to abide by given from family and the morals we should have and grow up with. In this society it is difficult to find the origin of right and wrong for there are so many theories and ideas, but yet there is no definite answer. I believe morality comes from us citizens, the law, our feelings and our religion can give a certain indication to how we set our values, but I belive it is an objective fact that what is said to be wrong is wrong and what is said to be right is right. A minority of people believe that morality comes from God. These people have a lot of faith and get their morals and understanding of right and wrong from their belief in god and their bible. For example in the Bible, there are the 10 Commandments, a list of what is acceptable and unacceptable according to God. But what if we don’t believe in god, where would our sense of right and wrong come from? If we can’t change people’s options and feelings on what is right and wrong just by saying that it is acceptable or unacceptable, then why is it okay to say God can. Without god, would their still be morality? Because if god made it acceptable to kill other people, that still wouldn’t make it okay, so I believe this theory is unproven and morality and our right and wrongs can’t come from this theory. Another theory that has brought to the attention of the origin of right and wrong is The ‘Feeling Theory’ and the ‘Boo-hoorah’ theory. The feeling theory is an example of how morality does come from us. We make things right or wrong by approving or disproving of them. If a person has certain feelings about another person’s actions, it is saying something about them. If they disprove of an action, it is considered morally wrong to that person. This theory is people making a claim about what they think; they are claiming whether the action is right or wrong. The ‘Boo-Hoorah Theory’ is another example of how morality comes from us but involves expressing what we think is right or wrong rather than making a claim about it. Something is neither true nor false and according to this theory there is no fact of the matter just an expression of what the person observing thinks. The feeling theory and the boo-hoorah theory are both wrong for everyone is different and raised differently with different beliefs (everyone has different feelings). So technically one person can truly believe that it is okay to kill while another says it’s not okay, these two people are contradicting one another which rules out both theories. Some children are brought up in an abusive home environment; does this mean that morally they think its okay to treat people differently based on how they were raised? All people are raised in a different environment, under different circumstances so if morality comes from us then morality would have to include a whole lot of different views. Another important theory is that morality and our right and wrongs come from the law. Morality and the law often correspond, our morals are what we consider right and wrong, While the law is what has been decided as right and wrong for us. Both murder and stealing are things we consider morally wrong and are also against the law. In the perfect world we all want the law to coincide with morality, but in reality most likely will never be like that. For example drugs are illegal and the law will not accept any sort of behaviour involving drugs, but in some cases people justify that is morally acceptable to deal drugs use it for personal use because of financial situations and pleasure. So they morally justify it in their own head for it to be okay. Even though morality can be guided by the law, helping us understand the differences between right and wrong, morality can’t come from the law, for there are a lot of things the law accept but us civilians see it as wrong. As we can see morality cannot come from the above theories, for they all leave the question of the origin of right and wrong UN answered. I believe that morality comes from us and that things are right and wrong anyway. I believe G. E Moores theory of the extra fact (the six sense) that can detect wrongness. I truly believe this for it is true that there is that something inside of us, guiding us and helping us know what is right and wrong. We on’t necessarily have to be taught about all the wrongs in life to just get that gut feeling that mugging an elderly person is just wrong, why do we feel that? Why don’t we do it? It is because it is something that is just there. Also everyone in the world is different, we all come from different backgrounds and everyone has been brought up differently, in different environments. So therefore we all have different feelings and beliefs, for someone can truly believe that stealing is acceptable, when another thinks it is wrong. Morality is based on how you feel and how you treat people, expecting the same in return; you wouldn’t want someone to hurt you, so why would you want to hurt them. There are no proven facts to where right and wrong comes from but it is something that is just there. It changes over time, and things that were once believed as right are now seen as wrong. So therefore we cannot place judgements for we don’t know what morality and right and wrong will be seen as in ten years time, it’s based you as a person. How to cite Ethics and Morality, Essay examples

Impacts of the Printer

Question: Describe the impacts of the printer in the 'usage' stage and how its effects the economy only. Answer: Printer is a device that is used for printing the text on the paper. The life cycle of printers is as follows: The worlds first computer printer was invented in 19th century by Charles Babbage. Later with the new improvement in technology, then commercial printers like Electric typewriters and teletype machines were invented.[4] Among the most widely used systems, Line printer is the most used one due to its high speed. Dot matrix systems could print both text and graphics at relatively low quality output.[3] With the introduction of low cost printers by HP (the first HP laser Jet), there has been sudden increase in the sales of the printers. Due to its low cost and high performance, Printing has became much more easier. These laser printers with PostScript mixed text have made printing tasks much more simple. By 2000s, Many high quality printers had fallen under the price of $100 and these have become very common in sales. In 2001, Xerox was manufactured.[2] This could achieve 120 p pm. Later in 2010, 3D printing is also came into existence, this became an area of intense interest and it allows the creation of physical objects. The best economy printers are inkjet printers. These offer productive and economical printing as compared to laser printers. [1] The Printers greatly affected the economy. The printing was a creation that prompted the flourishment of exchange through all the Europe because of expanded demands. This was a reason for a more grounded economy.[4] Additionally, a less demanding approach to print books prompted more moderate books. Due to the printing of more great books, printers developed the business sector for books and also for printers to print these books. It has greatly strengthened the economy. Stores could now offer and purchase books all more quickly. The interest for books and daily papers likewise prompted more creations for printers to develop the economy. In conclusion, Printers turned into a substantial industry and prompted diverse organizations to move into vast loud manufacturing plants. References: Katarzyna Grzesik, Life Cycle Assessment of Printer , 2010. Justin Bousquin, Marcos Esterman, Sandra Rothenberg, Life cycle analysis in the printing industry: a review, 2011. What is Printer, https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/printer.html. Printer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing) .

Scientific Method Case Study Essay Example

Scientific Method Case Study Essay To give you an idea of how the scientific method works, you are going to go through the steps that we outlined above. You are given the scenario below, and you are to design and conduct an experiment. Use the scenario below, and solve the problem using Scientific Method. You notice that the grass around your house is brown, short, and dead. The grass around your neighbor’s house is green, tall, and alive. Use your understanding of the Scientific Method to explain what you have observed. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recognize a question or a problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop a hypothesis. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze the data and reach conclusions about your hypothesis. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Share knowledge with the scientific community (your class). In this case, the problems requires a lot of analysis and thinking to come to a conclusion as to what the problem is, what is the cause of the problem and what are the effects of the problem.   The entire problem should be handled in a scientific manner by a process known as ‘scientific method’.   This involves four steps: I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Making observations and describing the problem II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Formulating the hypothesis of the problem III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using the hypothesis to determine the presence of any other problem. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conducting experiments to test these problems.   Several independent researchers would be conducting the experiments. A hypothesis should be conducted to determine the cause of the problem or rule out the cause of the problem.   In this case, the hypothesis is not a known fact or a theory of nature.   Hence, it has to be proved through relevant studies.   An experiment needs to be conducted to determine the exact cause of the problem.   The grass on my side of the house would be considered as part of the case group, and on my neighbors part it would be considered as the control group.   Now I would have to determine the factors that are responsible for the grass growing dead and short in my lawn.   These may include: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Animal or human urine or excreta being passed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of chemical or fertilizers, which could cause burns. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fungal growth and disease 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   High humidity or too warm temperatures 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bug, grubs, cricket or insect infestation 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of available water for the grass The hypothesis needs to be tested to determine the exact cause of the problem and develop a solution for it.   One Method would be to take a small sample portion of the field and subject it to tests in which each of the factors that could cause disease are actually prevented from acting on the grass.   For example, take a small section of the field.   Divide this small section into two.   In one section, continue with the normal maintenance, whereas in the other section apply chemicals that would stop fungal growth.   Do this for a few days and then check if the grass on the medicated side appears better.   If it appears better, the entire field could be treated with this method.   In the same way sections of the field can also be applied with chemicals that oppose insect growth or bug growth.   A section of the field can be watered and checked with another section that has not been watered.   A small section of the field would also have to be protected from other f actors such as humidity, heat and animal excreta.   Each of these factors has to be checked and identified.   In this way, various hypotheses for the poor grass formation can actually be tested.   More than one factor may also be responsible for the poor grass growth and this should also be recognized.   The researcher should also be aware of the errors that could develop whilst determining the hypothesis. Some of the errors that could develop include: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intrinsic or random error – This could develop due to a problem in instrumentation or technique.   The researcher has to follow precise techniques and standard techniques.   He/she has to also ensure that the instruments utilized are standardized. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Systematic or non-random errors – These develop due to bias on the part of the researcher or investigator.   This can be preventing by blinding the investigator or researcher. The data obtained through the trial would be analyzed to determine the factors that are actually responsible for the poor growth.   In this way, the hypothesis can be proved.   Once these hypotheses have been proved or confirmed, they would become a scientific theory.   The validity of this theory is only confirmed by the study or the experiment.   The researcher should keep in mind that even theories can be altered, and in such cases it has also to be proven and documented.   The scientific theory would gain more weight if the results obtained from several studies were consistent. Once the researcher is completely satisfied that his hypothesis is proven, he would like to share his research findings with the community.   Peers play a very important role, and it important for the researcher to actually get his theory reviewed from the peer group before it is actually shared with the community.   The peer group would actually check the scientific data and would determine whether it follows logic.   The peer review groups would find it difficult to repeat the experiments, but are in a position to check if they contradict previous studies.   The peer group may also suggest changes to the researcher.   In this case, the peer group can actually collect data from the neighbor whose grass grows well.   They would cross check the researchers data and determine if they are backed by scientific evidence.   Once the peer group actually feels that the data is valid, they would give the go ahead to the researcher to publish the data.

buy custom American Law essay

buy custom American Law essay Hi because I tried to communicate earlier, I have not been able to get your feedback, I have decided to upload this work although it is not so very complete and has not tackled the requirements. Kindly allow me more time so that I can upload you the completed work tomorrow. Thanks in advance for your understanding. Despite the fact that our world is growing at an extensive rate and in many dimensions, we also have to confess that this adjustment is coming with its own load of setbacks. The modern world comprises a number of innovations and technical ideas which have gained an extensive use in many a fraternity. This implies that the use of technology and the incorporation of modern innovations and ideas have found its use in almost all aspects and areas of life. Some of the most commonly touched areas include; the industries, the business fraternity, the sport, education as well as the music fraternity. The incorporation of innovative and current ideas has brought a lot of bliss and hence improved effectiveness in these fields. However, the fact that some of these high profile provisions are at the dispensation of certain individuals has led to the existence of avenues of crime (Zuckoff 2005). By taking advantage of positions as well as the ideas that an individual may have above the others, people have taken part in a number of high profile crimes. Such crimes committed by people of high status in the society are referred to as white collar crimes. Much of this could have been handled in the other cases although revisiting it can help lay an emphasis on what will make the subject of discussion in this case. Both white collar and corporate crimes have become common in our countries today. A number of things might be attributed to the rise in this occurrence yet the most vivid one can be linked to the advancement in technology and improvement in several sectors. Each of these in a unique way has given room or appropriate platforms for the criminals to go about their conspiracies using the easiest channels without being noticed. The emergence of White collar crimes has brought about a number of effects both to the society and to the world at large. This explains why carrying out studies and research related to such crimes is a vital approach which can then be manipulated to come up with the right if not effective solutions to these problems. In line with that, this work shall comprise a detailed analysis of certain issues revolving around a famous white collar criminal; Lou Pearlman. While exploring some of his deeds in line with these criminal activities, a number of factors will be discussed and outlined. Each of these aspects will all go a long way in giving a better picture of the effects of white collar crimes, for instance how they get to cost the individuals and the society as a whole. At the same time, some tacit solutions will be outlined and these can be used as starting points which can be applied in a bid to avoid repetition of such criminal occurrences. Before moving to give a deeper detail of some of the activities that this criminal got involved in, it is vital to give a brief overview in line with the aspect of a Ponzi scheme. It is more than notable that the individual was sentenced for a long period of time. This can only trigger the equal conclusion that the magnitude of this crime was not a mere thing to go by let alone overlook. So what is a Ponzi scheme? It can be described as an illegal operation in the field of investment in which separate investors are paid their returns through a weird form of channel. The interesting part of it all is that the payment of the investors does not arise from any specific profit but the organization handles it. The organization does this either by using their own money or by using the money paid to them by the subsequent investors (Zuckoff 2005). This scheme has a unique way of luring the investors, for instance, they are offered the kind of returns that other investment companies cannot. These may be in form of returns obtained on a short time basis. The intriguing feature of these returns is that they are usually abnormally high or perhaps consistent in a unique manner. In order to achieve the effective perpetuation of the returns advertised by a Ponzi scheme, there is need for a continuous flow of money. At the same time, there should be an ever increasing trend in this flow especially from the investors as this is the sure way of keeping the scheme going. Due to the fact that the earnings in this scheme are usually less than the payments, the system is usually destined to collapse. When it does, the master minds get lost with the money hence resulting in huge amounts of losses. Such losses are usually incurred by investors who got involved or rather were enticed into it causing them to take part without having an idea of what the end has in store. This is one example of a high profile white collar crime which involves the flow of large amounts of money through underground channels and away from the noses of legal authorities. Due to its immense nature, it gets to reach a point when the business done within spills over to the public. In most cases, this happens once the criminals have disappeared with the investors money hence (Dunn 2004). They are then reported by the victims in a bid to reverse the loss. The scheme is therefore interrupted by the legal authorities before its collapse. This is done when an anomaly is suspected in an investment process for instance a situation where a promoter sells unregistered securities. The above information therefore explores the contents if a Ponzi scheme hence we now have an idea of what Lou Pearlman involved himself in. The name of the scheme is derived from the identity of Charles Ponzi, an individual who became famous for employing the use of this technique in the year 1920. We can then proceed to set the ball rolling for this discussion by narrowng down our analysis to the life and deeds of Lou Pearlman. So we might want to begin this by seeking to answer the question; who is Lou Pearlman? The man who was born in 1954 is a former impresario of popular boys bands. Some of these include; The Backstreet Boys, O-Town and NSYNC. Going by the contents of his autobiography, one gets to realize that this individual began to rub shoulders with fame at a stage so early. His popularity and gain of credentials started as early as high school where he used his influential nature, for instance, to get a ride on a blimp. While still young, he was already business minded or perhaps money minded if you will. This can well explain why he managed to develop an intriguing business plan during his first year at Queens College. His plan was for a class project which was based on the idea of a Helicopter taxi service in New York. By 1970 he already had the business going and hence launched it using one helicopter before liaising with Theodor, a German businessman to get more ideas on the use and operation of blimps (Handy 2007). This venture was then followed by him getting back to America and then establishing a number of airstrips before switching his fascination to the entertainment industry. In the music industry he started as a manager to two bands which performed and sold millions of albums all over the world. The success of this venture with him as the manager instantly made him a music mogul. Perhaps it is due to his extensive touch with money that he constantly was involved in lawsuits where people filed charges against him for a number of reasons. A part from the Ponzi scheme which is actually one of the major reasons as to why he was sentenced to jail for 25 ways, Lou had formerly been involved in a string of criminal activities. He constantly brushed shoulders with the federal government over allegations which ranged from illegal investment activities to other more personal/physical crimes as sexual assault. Perhaps it is because of the many criminal activities that he engaged in and kept escaping convictions that led to his long service when he was finally caught. Apart from one US5 band, all the other music bands with which Lou worked have sued him in the Federal court before. It is interesting that all these cases have always been won by the individuals or parties who filed the cases against him. In some situations, the cases have ended up being settled out of court, perhaps through compensation of the losses incurred or damages caused. At the same time, all these cases have always ended up with an agreement of confidentiality which implies that none of the parties is given room to carry out any detailed discussion of Pearlmans practices. Perhaps this explains why most of his crimes managed to stay underground for a long period of time before he was actually exposed and caught. For instance, the Backstreet Boys band for which he doubled both as a producer and a manager filed a law suit against him posing the feeling that the contract they had with him was unfair (Zuckoff 2005). At the same time, the fellow boys band NSYNC had similar issues against him. His line of criminal activities became so rampant that even a 14 year old Pop star filed a lawsuit against him in 2002. The accuser alleged that Pearlman and his transnational records cheated him out of hundreds of dollars. This matter was later settled out of court but it gave a sure picture of Pearlmans deliberate involvement in a vivid pattern of criminal activity. On top of that he was also involved in some other scandals like the talent scouting scandal. At the same time, he was also sued on allegations of involvement in certain sexual activities which were considered inappropriate and illegal. The above mentioned are just but a few activities that Pearlman involved himself in. However, the one which will form the major part of discussion in this case is his involvement in what has been considered to be one of the largest Ponzi schemes in the United States of America since. In the year 2006, it was discovered that this individual had spearheaded a Ponzi scheme which was not only one of the largest but also the longest running. This already exposes the fact that this scheme involved the flow of numerous amounts of money. According to the obtained statistics, it was concluded that the scheme left over three hundred million dollars in debts (Dunn 2004). After he was caught while on the run, Pearlman pleaded guilty to money laundering, conspiracy as well as the mistake of making false statements during a proceeding on bankruptcy. He was then convicted in the year 2008 after which he was sentenced to serve a 25 years jail term. From the brief introduction of the case above, it is already a fact so evident that the scheme that Pearlman involved himself in had a huge magnitude. This can perhaps be confirmed by looking at the amount of money that was left in debts when the scheme collapsed or rather discovered. Its effects were therefore massive. With that in mind, we shall therefore proceed explore in a detailed manner the beginning, the perpetration and the end of this scheme. Apart from the many things that could have tarnished the image of this individual, it is the Ponzi scheme that would prove to be the major cause of his downfall. In 2006, from the investigations carried out by the legal authorities, it was discovered that he had perpetrated a long running Ponzi scheme. In this scheme, a good number of investors were defrauded. The scheme is argued to have taken a period of about 20 years. During this time, he enticed both individuals as well as banks hence causing them to invest his two companies, The Trans Continental Airlines Travel Inc and The Trans Continental Airlines (Handy 2007). One the things that could well raise eyebrows but perhaps did not is the fact that these compannies only existed on paper. During the period of the perpetration of the crime, Pearlman employed the use of falsified AIG, FDIC and Lloyd of London documents. He used them to win the trust of the investors in what he called the Employee Investment Savings Account program. Furthermore, the financial statements which he used were equally fake. He worked together with a fictitious accounting firm called Cohen and Siegel in order to make these statements. These are the very statements which he then used to secure bank loans. All these were a seemingly smooth flow of activities which not only provided the picture that this investment operation was a successful one but also ensured that it stayed unnoticed for such a long period of time. The main approach which was given to this white collar crime was the conduction of a thorough investigation on some of the pertinent issues in relation to the matter. In 2007, it was announced by the Florida regulations that The Trans Continental Savings program was in actual sense a huge fraud. In connection to that, the state immediately assumed ownership of the company (Liston 2008). The revelation of the conspiracies was unearthed after a series of crackdown and analytic measures were conducted in line with operations of Pearlman and company as a whole. This is the very approach that led to the discovery that he used fake documents and illegal methods to attract investors into his trap. Despite being caught, most of the money which he had collected from people was gone. This was estimated at 95 million dollars. In a bid to solve this problem, Judge Rene Roche of the Orange Country Circuit gave an order to Pearlman together with two of his advocates to return any assets that they had illegally obtained to the state. Such assets included any of those that he had obtained and taken abroad as a result of illegal transactions. While he was trying to run away from the officials, he was arrested in Indonesia on June 14, 2007. He was then indicted by a federal grand jury on the 27th of June the same year. After the indictment, Pearlman was charged with three counts of bank fraud, one count of wire fraud as well as a count of mail fraud. Consequently he was sentenced to a 25 years imprisonment on May 21, 2008. This was after he pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy, making false statement during a bankruptcy proceeding and acts of money laundering. While he was being sentenced, the District Judge gave him a chance to reduce the length of his jail term. The Judge offered to reduce the sentence by one month for every Million dollar which Pearlman would help a trustee to recover. The above given outline therefore shows the detailed circumstances that led to the arrest of Pearlman and his subsequent sentence to a 25 year jail term. It is a fact worth noting that this white collar crime had a massive effect especially on the financial stability of the individuals who were involved in the investment program. As indicated in the statistical results, over $300 million dollars were in debts by the time the fraud was being discovered. Efforts made to recover the money bore no fruits. This is an issue which therefore affected not only the individuals who were involved in it but other companies which were attached to it as well as the state as a whole. Furthermore, records also indicate that an additional $95 million dollars were lost and were never recovered during the perpetration of this crime. This is a loss which equally touched not only the individuals involved but also other parties the whole state. We therefore can estimate the cost of this fraud or rather the loss caused by this crime to about $400 million dollars. This is quite a lofty bunch. In a bid to obtain a solution to this problem, the legal systems employed the use of a number of strategies some of which have briefly been mentioned above. For instance, during the proceedings Pearlman was ordered to bring back to the state every asset he had taken abroad on an illegal basis. At the same time, the offer to reduce his sentence by one month for every one million dollar he helped a bankruptcy trustee to recover was another strategy to draw money from Pearlman back to the state. In addition to that, by the time he was being sentenced, an order was given by the preceding Judge that individual investors were to be paid first before institutions. In other words, the amount of money and the assets which were to be recovered from the Pearlman would to be distributed to the victims. During this distribution, the individual investors would be considered first followed by other companies or institutions which could equally have been victimized in this operation. In conclusion, the information which has been outline above, in line with the main subject of discussion shows the extent to which white collar crimes can be detrimental. The effects of these crimes are not only felt by individual but also by the society as a whole. This is mainly because the criminal activities are usually realized when it is almost too late. This time finds in most cases when large amounts of money have fraudulently disappeared. Efforts to revive such situations barely lead to much good despite the fact that the legal authorities try to employ some of the most effective approaches. Lou Pearlman whose issue on the Ponzi scheme formed the main discussion in this paper is a good example of the many criminals out there who might not have been found yet. They continue to ply their trade under the table and remain unnoticed. However, the fact that Pearlman was an unveiled, arrested and eventually sentenced to such a long period should serve as a good example to the would be perpetrators. As matter of facts, white collar crimes are far much too costly to ignore. Because of that, the war against them and the deserved prosecution of those found guilty should be given a high priority in this bid to fight crime. Buy custom American Law essay

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Management - Essay Example As the Plant Manager and with my style of leadership, I am confident that this can be improved and the issues among the management and the employees can be sorted out in an amicable manner. One of my biggest strengths is the ability to negotiate and to create a working environment where the employees and management can work in accordance with each other. The need for a sensitive, understanding, and a good negotiator will assist in solving the current issue. As the plant manager, my aim is to ensure that the change process within the organization is as smooth as possible and it has a complete win – win situation for both sides, i.e. employees and management. The next weekly managers meeting could bring out the implementation of a knowledge management system within the organization along with managers being made responsible to let the employees know of the current changes and plans of the management. This will allow the employees to be sure that the dealings and changes are all transparent and the employees will have a basic idea of what can be expected. Also, the development of the knowledge management systems will allow the employees to manage and leverage information and knowledge within the organization so as to improve decision-making and gain competitive advantage. In addition, knowledge management activities have tried to capture the tacit knowledge that people carry around with them, what they learn and observe from experience rather than what is explicitly stated in different forms. People have to be recognized as valuable assets and is much more than merely capturing data or manipulating it to obtain information. Managing intellectual capital requires a change in mindset. Use of this along with being transformational leaders will help the company grow to a great extent and will reduce the employee issues. This type of leadership is a case where the one or more people together with the others

Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing Essay

Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing - Essay Example Electronic commerce as the concept of marketing Information technology plays an important role in the development and growth of industries of any economy.. Incorporation of information technologies has changed the business process of all the industries whether they are small-scale or large scale. It has entirely changed the aspects of market competitiveness in terms of products and processes. The amalgamation of information technology into business sector recompenses for size and distance and enables companies to expand and to work in a global market. Using new innovative tools and techniques of information distribution, they can no longer be isolated from international market. Such technologies includes electronic/video conferencing, mailing, tele-conferencing, electronic commerce, electronic networking etc. Internet is pool that can be used to access any kind of information without compensating on quality, legal and regulatory requirements, fiscal regulations and opportunities. It becomes very simple and easy to attain, collect any kind of information on technologies and markets with the use of various networking components. The acquired information can be used as a source of analysis to increase the productivity, profit and market share of the enterprise. The information is accessible with in a few seconds.Evolution in the world of computing and in the era of communications takes the form of global information networking. The net result of this innovation is that it decreases the cost, the time for collection the required valuable information no matter how far that information is. Along with this, the ability to collect, analyze and the frequency of transmission of data has enhanced extremely. Local knowledge can be assimilated, distributed among economic agents and then can be merged with global knowledge to give the valuable piece of information. The net effect of all these activities and use of communications technology has drastically decreased the transaction costs; expedite the triumph of scope with the familiar rapid and continuous customization. Such transmissions undermine authoritative controls since the hoarding of information is no longer possible. For all the Internet's promise as the consummate commercial marketing vehicle many companies are skeptical of their ability to accurately judge the return on their cyberspace investment. The development of internet-based technologies opens endless opportunities for Marketers. Drawing coop concentration to the ethical facet of the use of web-based technologies in the area of business might comprise of differentiating force for proactive firms. So, eCommerce is everywhere whether it is e Mail and messaging or shopping cart or order processing system or domestic or international payment systems. But in this rapidly changing environment of e business, business executives need to react immediately and sufficiently by converting their traditional business strategies to e-commerce processes. In doing so, they must assess opportunitie s and threats by examining closely the economic, demographic, political, cultural and technological factors that affect businesses trading online. Economic Factors With the emergence of whole world as global market, the significance of e

WHAt is a documentary film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WHAt is a documentary film - Essay Example Grierson essentially defined a documentary as â€Å"Creative treatment of actuality.† This paper describes aspects that can be used to distinguish a documentary film. One major factor distinguishing documentary films is their actuality and the fact that they are not scripted. However, some documentaries may be acted ones, used to depict or make the audience visualize and understand how an event may have happened. Documentary film is prepared with a purpose relevant to the audience and is intended to make a difference on their understanding about the subject matter (Nichols, 1992, p. 5-6; Nichols, 2001, p. 1-5). A documentary could be based on a variety of themes, which in clued, morality, politics, aesthetic, or other subjects but must be informative and realistic. Modern day documentaries tend to overlap with other types of films due to invention of reality television where the documentaries appear to have some sense of fictional content (Renov, 2004, p.5-10; Winston, 1995, p. 8-11) A documentary is a type of a film that attempts to document happenings and tries to make them not lose their realism. A number of feature are used in discern a documentary from other films and include the role , the narrative strategy, the actuality of the film, neutrality, the subject matter, and the factual way in which the ideas are

Adaptive Value Of Homosexual Behavior Sociology Essay

Adaptive Value Of Homosexual Behavior Sociology Essay Studies into the evolution of humans and essentially any organism in the world clearly prove that the concepts and tenets of Evolutionary Theory are much more complicated than the common, simple idea of survival of the fittest. The subject of homosexuality is no different in this distinction; even into modern society, human behavior has been in heated debate to uncover whether it is more a result of heredity or environmental factors. Homosexuality as a biological concept and the definition I will be using refers to same-sex sexual behavior between members of the same gender. Understanding Evolution, and natural selection as an extension of it, will help to clarify and comprehend how homosexuality fits into this framework of ideas. Modern evolutionary theory incorporates both Charles Darwins observation that there is heritable variability in traits and that variants best suited to an environment are more likely to be passes on (natural selection) as well as Gregor Mendels work on how that variation is inherited to further generations. Most importantly natural selection acts on phenotypes which are observable and often measurable expressions of a trait (Stinson, Bogin and ORourke 824). Phenotypes are not purely a result of genes; they also include (most importantly) the influence and interaction with the environment. When individuals have a phenotype that is advantageous in an environment, often this results in an adaptation where their genes are most likely to survive and they are able to reproduce to contribute alleles to the next generation (Stinson, Bogin and ORourke 7). Behaviors, as we are seeing with the increasingly developing field of Sociobiology, are often a result of both biological and social components. As clinical psychologist Frank Muscarella points out when behaviors commonly exhibited by humans can be expected to have contributed to survival and reproduction in the evolutionary past those genes that influence the behavior will spread (Muscarella , Fink and Grammer 394). In regards to homosexuality, and male homosexuality specifically, this behavior fits well into this model because there is increasing evidence that there are both genetic and social aspects that predispose individuals to homosexual behavior. A common misconception about homosexual behavior is that it is both a rare occurrence and it is inherently deleterious because same-sex sexual acts do not result in offspring; yet the commonality of homosexual behavior in itself indicates that there is an evolutionary factor selecting for it. In reality homosexual behavior is and can be seen in countless species in the world. Biologist Bruce Bagemihl in his compilation of studies on animal homosexuality shows that homosexual behavior occurs in more than 450 different kinds of animals worldwide, and is found in every major geographic region and every major animal group (Bagemihl 12). Similarly biodiversity specialist R.C. Kirkpatrick in his research cataloged the geographical distribution of forms of homosexual behavior in a variety of human populations around the world (Kirkpatrick 387). So it is safe to presume that there are other factors that play into the adaptation of homosexual behavior, some may have more of a physical evolutionary basis, while others more related to social evolutionary mechanisms but many theories have become potential explanations of this seemingly paradox of evolution that occurs quite often within and between species. The important distinction is that homosexuality, like many traits, isnt attributed to one model or theory. Multiple theories attempt to help to explain how a behavior attributed to something as seemingly ironic as nonreproductive sex contributes to an adaptive advantage in human evolution. One of the first and oldest hypotheses revolves around the theory of kin selection where selection is made for increasing inclusive fitness by increasing the reproductive fitness of kin (since parents and siblings share fifty percent of their genetic material). Another similar theory revolves around the ideas of reciprocal altruism and an adaptive advantage of homosocial behavior. Lastly, a more recent theory proposes a more physical genetic basis revolving around sexual antagonism, the theory being that the same genes that promote homosocial behavior in males is beneficial to the reproductive potential of relatives. II) Kin selection Theory Kin selection theory operates on the assumption that there is some genetic basis for homosexuality and genes for it are maintained in a population by homosexuals increasing their inclusive fitness by contributing to the reproductive success of relatives, in theory these kin would then have a better chance of reproducing and of carrying foreword genes common to both the homosexual and his kin (McKnight 129). Unfortunately I believe lack of data has led to this hypothesis being prematurely discredited by many researchers. On the other hand inconsistencies and the lack of data as Ive seen is more due to the types on environments the studies are being done in. A study on the role of homosexuality in males using data from London residents found that there were no significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual men in general familial affinity, generous feelings (willingness to provide financial and emotional resources), and benevolent tendencies (Rahman and Hull 462). However modern western and industrial societies are vastly different than the historical environments where much of human evolution has taken place. Taking into account the length of time we can track homosexual behavior has persisted, its most likely that this adaptation is a result of a specific type of environment and cultures that are more representative of ancestral environments will likely give us a better case study. A great case study by evolutionary psychologists Paul Vasey and Doug VanderLaan also tested this theory Samoan Pacific Islanders; within Samoan culture there is a gender category of men called faafafine that tend to be exclusively attracted to other adult men, an excellent parallel to exclusive homosexual behavior (Association for Psychological Science). They found that the faafafine are much more altruistically inclined toward their nieces and nephews than either Samoan women or heterosexual men (Association for Psychological Science). On the surface it doesnt seem like kin selection alone is enough to offset the costs of forgoing direct reproduction, yet more and more data is becoming evident that a combination of biological and social mechanisms may contribute to offset these costs. Again specialist Kirkpatrick helps us understand the forces that may be at work; kin selection operates on three basic assumptions (1) that homosexual behavior reduces individual reproductive success, (2) that lineages with homosexuals have greater reproductive success than lineages without, and (3) that homosexual behavior is typically seen in individuals of low reproductive potential (Kirkpatrick 391). The third observation that this behavior is seen in individuals with low reproductive potential is an important aspect of our next theory. III) Reciprocal Altruism and Homosocial Behavior Altruistic behavior is essentially any behavior of an individual that benefits another unrelated individual at a cost to its own reproductive fitness. As an extension of this, reciprocal altruism assumes that this cost is offset by the likelihood of the return benefit (Trivers 35). Applied with research on homosexual behavior there is strong evidence that this type of behavior is an evolutionary benefit for social relationships and is closely linked with survival. This theory has become known as the Alliance Theory and supposes that same-sex sexual behavior may have reinforced same-sex alliances, which contributed directly to survival and indirectly to reproduction (Muscarella, Cevallos and Siler-Knogl 771). An important and vital aspect of this theory is to recognize that homosexual behavior does not discount the occurrence of heterosexual behavior. In fact as Muscarella points out individuals in many species including humans both heteroerotic and homoerotic behavior have been impor tant social aspects for most of our evolutionary history (Muscarella, The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans 53). Same-sex sexual behavior in humans likely contributed to survival by reinforcing social alliances; by forming social ties, overall survival of members would be directly increased as well as lower status individuals increasing their reproductive fitness by gaining access to mates through a higher ranked member. Average reproductive success increases by adapting to include a moderate level of homosexual behavior (Kirkpatrick 389). This type of relationship can be seen in both chimpanzees and gorillas where lower status males that form same-sex alliances with higher status males both increase their survival potential and in many cases increase reproductive potential due to the higher status male allowing reproduction with female members ( (Muscarella, The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans 61); (Kirkpatrick 397)). Its likely that genes predisposing behaviors for altruistic behavior, which are a clear adaptive advantage especially in complex social species, are at least to a certain extent the same genes that influence homosexual behavior. IV) Antagonistic Pleiotropy Genetics in particular are a complicated study because in many cases genes have multiple effects, these can be based on stages of life and even have separate effects regarding different sexes of the same species. Regarding antagonistic pleiotropy, being the concept that a beneficial effect to one group can have detrimental effects in another, there are two situations that revolve around the same concept. In the first theory it assumes that there is some reproductive advantage to having homosexual alleles in heterosexual or bisexual men, while at some point this becomes a disadvantage as reproductive potential passes the peak level. Likely this advantage relates to an immediate reproductive advantage by directly enhancing sex drive or some other aspect of sexual performance (McKnight 76). This creates a great environment for case studies and twin studies in particular are excellent to examine whether this is a plausible explanation. In a twin study carried out on a large number of par ticipants heterosexuals with a non-heterosexual twin tended to have more opposite-sex partners than do heterosexual twin pairs indicating that genes responsible for homosexual predispositions likely have a reproductive benefit in heterosexuals (Zietsch, Morley and Shekar 424). Similarly, the next situation proposes that the same genes responsible for homosexual behavior in men are also responsible for higher fecundity in female relatives. Using pedigree demographics comparing both the maternal and paternal line of 98 homosexual and 100 heterosexual men and their relatives, evolutionary psychologist Andrea Camperio-Ciani found that female maternal relatives of homosexuals have higher fecundity than female maternal relatives of heterosexuals and that this difference is not found in female paternal relatives (Ciani, Francesca and Capiluppi, Evidence for Maternally Inherited Factors Favouring Male Homosexuality and Promoting Female Fecundity 2217). This along with a second study that fo und this trend in even first time mothers supports the theory of homosexuality as antagonistic selection where the same genes selected for higher fecundity in females promote homosexual behavior in males (Iemmola and Camperio-Ciani 393). V) Conclusions Its obvious that the evolution of male homosexuality as an adaptation has many facets, understandably its just as complicated as any human social behavior, but we are gaining ground on understanding the genetic and social implications of behavior and how evolution has shaped these in humans. Overall however its becoming more a more evident that the survival of a human predisposition for homosexuality can be explained by sexual orientation being a trait that is influenced by a number of pleitropic genes (Miller 45). For this reason a singular theory is highly unlikely to be sufficient to explain something as complex as homosexuality; multiple theories then likely contribute to the overall model. A gene for altruism, and as an extension homosexuality, likely plays a very important role in Kin selection theory; and it is also probable that sexual antagonism helps offset the cost of non reproductive behavior. No one theory will be sufficient, but with the combined perspectives and resear ch of genetics, sociobiology, psychology and other disciplines the adaptive benefit of this behavior will become more understandable.

Euthanasia Ends Suffering Essay -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suic

Euthanasia Ends Suffering      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death is deeply personal, generally feared, and wholly inescapable, but medical technology now can prolong our biological existence virtually indefinitely, and, with these advances, comes the question of whether we should pursue the extension of life in all cases.   Most people would agree that, under certain circumstances, it would be preferable to cease our hold on life.   Nearly everyone can agree that there are situations when terminally ill patients have the right to call for a halt to life-extending treatments, and that their physicians will have the moral obligation to comply.   What appears to be quite difficult for us as a society to come to terms with is the thought that someone would actively intervene in the "natural" process of the death of another human being.   Why is it tolerable, even desirable, to intervene (with decidedly unnatural technology) in the "natural" process of death when it results in extending life, but intolerable and morally abhorrent when we act to speed the patient to his or her unavoidable death?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certain members of society see active euthanasia as "killing," where passive euthanasia is viewed in the more favorable light of "letting one die".   My question is this: how are the two morally different?   Examine the following case:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perry L. was a nineteen-year-old who played in a local band, loved the outdoors, and planned to become a doctor.   One night in 1989 while driving a skidoo he ran headlong into a tree.   Perry no longer has any cognitive abilities, he does not recognize anyone that he once knew, he cannot communicate in any way, and he has no meaningful control over his body or its functions.   Perry will never recove... ... Brody, Baruch. Life And Death Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Chapman, Carleton. Physicians,Law,& Ethics. New York: New York University Press, 1984. Friedman, Emily. Ethics Issues For Health Care Professionals. Baskerville: American Hospital Publishing, 1986. Gay-Williams, J. "The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia", Social Ethics: Moral and Social Policy, McGraw-Hill, 1982. 48-52 Low, Charlotte. Euthanasia - Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Maguire, Daniel. Death By Choice. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1984. Rachels, J. "Active and Passive Euthanasia", Social Ethics: Moral and Social Policy, McGraw-Hill, 1982. 52-56 Reich, Warren. Quality Of Life. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. Rothenberg, M. & Chapman, C. Barron's Medical Guide Second Edition, Barron's Educational Series', 1989

Case Stu

dyCASE STUDY Case 1: Haier in India: building presence in mass market beyond China 1. Why did Haier enter India? What did it plan to achieve in this new market? At First, Haier started as a small refrigerator factory in China. Zhang Ruimin put great emphasis on product quality, so he never tolerated any faulty refrigerators. By creating products under the value of quality awareness, Haier became the world’s biggest appliance seller by retail volume. In 1990s, Haier marched into global markets and used internationalization strategy.Haier made a great effort to break the bias that â€Å"made-in-China† products are of low quality. As Haier achieved success in the US and Europe by creating high quality brand image, it widened its scope more and more. At the time of 1980s, India was not a good target market for Haier to approach because the Indian government was acting very defensive to foreign companies. However in 1991, as India experienced payment crisis, the country had to liberalize and open up the market to foreign investments. As China encouraged companies to go overseas by subsidizing by policy banks’ loans, Haier decided to enter the Indian market.China chose Indian market as a target because India had the world’s second most populated economy and was experiencing rapid economic growth. The growth rate was similar to the one seen when Haier first achieved success in china. Also, Haier could expect several advantages from Indian market such as rising disposable income, an expanding middle class, and a relatively low entry barrier in the white good market. Banerjee, Haier India’s president, noticed that as the company was already gaining power as a major player in global market, appropriate strategy and direction would give Haier huge opportunities in the expanding market of India.Banerjee made specific targets for the company – to garner 20% of India’s white goods market in five years and to become one of the top three industries in seven years. Also he wanted to build an integrated manufacturing facility. The background of entry to Indian market was quite attractive. India’s white goods market, where Haier wanted to penetrate and achieve in top rank, was a growing piece of pie. From the materials offered in the case, [EXHIBIT 3], the home appliance sector was growing between 11% and 14% annually and Consumer Electronics sector was growing from 11% to even 30% in 2003.Economic growth brought increase of household income and middle-class. This is a positive situation for Haier because there would be more double-income and nuclear families which means more demand for house appliances. As Haier was already a global brand, it tried to expand its market more widely. As a result, India seemed to be suitable because its gross population was huge, and India was a developing country where more people would demand appliance as time goes by. Haier regarded India as a chance to generate dispo sable income for electronics purchases.With anticipation of the high market demand, Haier had plans for new plants, new production lines, capacity expansions, and even Greenfield investments. 2. Evaluate Haier’s entry strategy in India. What was and was not working? Why? Although many Chinese companies choose to first enter developing countries and then later more developed countries, Haier approached in an opposite way. So at the time when Haier entered Indian market, the company already had experience in high-end markets in the US and Europe.Because US and Europe market is mature market and competition is more fierce, Haier would have already known some strategies to appeal customers. Although Haier had experience and sources to attract customers, the entry strategies used in India were not all successful. Their production anticipation turned out to be too hasty. On the other hand, image setting strategy was quite successful because their global branding strategy made India n people believe Haier as a high quality brand, not many knowing Haier as a Chinese brand.The price strategy that Haier first adopted was a premium price strategy, which seemed to be appropriate when considering other giant brands such as LG or Samsung were adopting low pricing strategies. It could be a way to set the cost higher than major brands if entering company thinks price would not be a competitive factor in the market. One entry strategy that Haier and other company weren’t successful at first was the anticipation of high market demand in 2004. As Indian market was a growing market, companies expected the demand would rise significantly.As a result, they increased the production capacity. However, they were over-reacting to the market trend. Market demand could not catch up the production amount, so the refrigerator industry should have been overstocked. As an entry strategy, Haier adopted a global branding strategy in 2004. Before, Haier usually had an image as an e xport-based company, but Zhang wanted to create a name brand in the host market so that they could create an image as a global brand. In fact, Haier wanted to hide its â€Å"Made in China† image which implicates cheap and low-quality products.This branding exercise worked quite well, because people perceived the company as a Germany or the US brand. It seems that market positioning strategy adopted by Haier when entering the Indian market was quite tactical. Korean giants such as LG and Samsung took low pricing strategy, and Haier could have felt burdened to lower the price even lower than them. It is because if quality of Haier’s appliances turns out to be similar to those companies, and the price is similar or higher than them, not many customers would challenge to buy Haier’s.Nonetheless, Haier was confident because they already had experiences in Europe and the US market, and was quite well known as a global brand. As a result, instead of participating in a â€Å"price war† with other giant companies, Haier took premium price strategy in India. Haier rather decided to emphasize their quality in the market, which seemed to be the strategy of fighting in a â€Å"value war† The premium price strategy could be seen as both a success factor and failure factor. Overall, Haier succeeded to implant an image of global and premium brand in the Indian market.The perception of customers about Haier was homogeneous to what the company wanted their customers to have about them. However, image does not always make the company become successful. Haier showed quite disappointing revenue growth until 2009, which demonstrates that after all the company might not have won in the â€Å"value war†. Maybe the premium price strategy was not an option but an unavoidable plan, considering that giant brands were placed rigidly in the market already. 3. Discuss Haier’s localization model in India and other markets. Were they different? If so, why?As the [EXHIBIT 1] in the given material shows, Haier adopted different strategy models through timeline. In the early stage of the company, about 1984, Haier adopted Brandbuilding Strategy. The company itself was not settled yet so it had to build a brand image and notify to customers. Then from 1990, the company started to take diversification strategy. It is also the beginning of global strategy, when Haier started to export their products to the US and Germany. From 1998, Haier selected internationalization strategy, which means not merely exporting to overseas but marching to global market worldwide.From 2005, which was right after the company entered Indian market, the corporation took global brand strategy. Haier wanted to appeal itself as a global brand image with high quality and confidence. This flow of strategies proves that Haier incessantly worked hard to broaden its market strategically. From the stage when the company used internationalization strategy, wh en the company starts to actually find market abroad rather than merely exporting, Haier consistently adopted a â€Å"Three-in-One† localization strategy. Three-in-One† localization means that Haier would position itself as a local brand, produce locally, carry out a local sales strategy and create products tailored to locals’ needs. Basically, localization means adapting the production system and product itself to the circumstances of local industry. Through â€Å"Three-in-One† localization strategy, Haier could realize true localization which means the company could follow the local’s needs at maximum level. Haier’s localization strategy was rather tactical than other localization strategies. When Haier began operations in India, the company did not execute rapid localization.Instead, it took a step-by-step approach, starting from outsourcing. When sales volume grew large enough, it was right time to start acquiring local assets and doing l ocal production on its own. Haier’s approach in the US was similar to the one later chosen in India. When sales grew large enough, the company began â€Å"Three-in-One† plan. By building design centre, Haier realized true localization. The material given states that Haier also replicated this model in Europe. After all, Haier’s localization method seems to be basically similar in India and other countries.The difference of localization model in India and other countries would be more developed localization strategies adopted in India from the experiences of other countries. For example, Haier used factory in India to serve as a sourcing hub to markets in Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Western Asia. Maybe it was the geographical advantage of India that could utilize this localization strategy. Mostly, the localization strategies were similar in various countries, starting from â€Å"Three-in-One† localization. According to the situation of each country, Haier tactically and slowly accessed to the market.After building factories which means actual production being fully held in the specific country, Haier built centers such as showrooms in retail outlets or design centers to make customers feel close to their products. Localization model used in India might not be regarded appropriate because for six years since its launching, the overall result was not satisfactory. However, from the point of arrival in India to the point of becoming as a brand well known in the country, the â€Å"Three-in-One† localization skill seems to be worked effectively.

Free Essays on Rhetoric Of Richard II

In Act Two, Scene Three of Richard II, the audience gets a glimpse of Bolingbroke’s slow rise to power, which ultimately reaches its culmination when Richard II is deposed and he becomes king. As the characters followers realize the potential deposition of King Richard II, they begin to flatter Bolingbroke in hopes of rewards for their allegiance to him. Playwright William Shakespeare uses the pace and repetition of language in order to highlight comical exchanges of sycophancy used in dialogue with Bolingbroke. We shall see that Bolingbroke directly recognizes and expresses gratitude to Harry Percy, the only character that speaks honestly and without superficial compliments. The initial exchange between Bolingbroke and Northumberland at the beginning of the scene reveals Northumberland’s desire for acceptance and in hopes of acquiring money if Bolingbroke becomes king. The following presents Northumberland responding to Bolingbroke’s brief question with an answer along with an extensive, unnecessary speech of praise: BOLINGBROKE: How far is it, my lord to Berkeley now? NORTHUMBERLAND: Believe me, noble lord, I am a stranger here in Gloucestershire. These high wild hills and rough uneven ways Draws out our miles and makes them wearisome. And yet you fair discourse hath been as sugar, Making the hard way sweet and delectable. But I bethink me what a weary way From Ravenspurgh to Cotshall will be found In Ross and Willoughby, wanting your company, Which, I protest, hath very much beguiled The tediousness and process of my travel. But theirs is sweetened with the hope to have The present benefit which I possess, And hope to joy is little less in joy Than hope enjoyed. By this weary lords Shall make their way seem short as mine hath done By sight of what I have, your noble company. (II.iii.1-18) Notice the contrast between Bolingbroke’s question and Northumberland’s a... Free Essays on Rhetoric Of Richard II Free Essays on Rhetoric Of Richard II In Act Two, Scene Three of Richard II, the audience gets a glimpse of Bolingbroke’s slow rise to power, which ultimately reaches its culmination when Richard II is deposed and he becomes king. As the characters followers realize the potential deposition of King Richard II, they begin to flatter Bolingbroke in hopes of rewards for their allegiance to him. Playwright William Shakespeare uses the pace and repetition of language in order to highlight comical exchanges of sycophancy used in dialogue with Bolingbroke. We shall see that Bolingbroke directly recognizes and expresses gratitude to Harry Percy, the only character that speaks honestly and without superficial compliments. The initial exchange between Bolingbroke and Northumberland at the beginning of the scene reveals Northumberland’s desire for acceptance and in hopes of acquiring money if Bolingbroke becomes king. The following presents Northumberland responding to Bolingbroke’s brief question with an answer along with an extensive, unnecessary speech of praise: BOLINGBROKE: How far is it, my lord to Berkeley now? NORTHUMBERLAND: Believe me, noble lord, I am a stranger here in Gloucestershire. These high wild hills and rough uneven ways Draws out our miles and makes them wearisome. And yet you fair discourse hath been as sugar, Making the hard way sweet and delectable. But I bethink me what a weary way From Ravenspurgh to Cotshall will be found In Ross and Willoughby, wanting your company, Which, I protest, hath very much beguiled The tediousness and process of my travel. But theirs is sweetened with the hope to have The present benefit which I possess, And hope to joy is little less in joy Than hope enjoyed. By this weary lords Shall make their way seem short as mine hath done By sight of what I have, your noble company. (II.iii.1-18) Notice the contrast between Bolingbroke’s question and Northumberland’s a...

veitnamess essays

veitnamess essays To many people, the name Vietnam means only one thing, a painful war in the 1960s and 1970s in which the American and South Vietnam soldiers fought against South Vietnamese rebels and North Vietnam. But the country of Vietnam is more then just its troubled past. It is a beautiful land, with rugged mountains, tumbling rivers, tropical beaches and lush fields of brilliant green rice. Vietnam has an ancient culture, rich with poets, scholars, artists, legends, and brave heroes. Most importantly, the Vietnamese are hard-working people, determined to survive and rebuild their country. Vietnams culture reaches back to Viet people who settled in northern Vietnam over two thousand years ago. Although many of todays customs and traditions are uniquely Vietnamese, several important features of the culture came from other places. The Chinese ruled Vietnam for hundreds of years and had great influence on its culture. The Vietnamese started following Chinese religions and used Chinese writhing symbols and medical practices. Through trade India also influence Vietnamese society. French rulers brought the European beliefs and customs. And during the war between the North and the South Vietnam, Americans also introduced their way of life to the Vietnamese. The official name for Vietnam is The Socialist Republic of Vietnam; witch consists of 40 provinces and three municipalities. Vietnam is a communist Country. The judicial system in Vietnam is based on the French Civil Code but modified to fit the Communist legal theory. Vietnams economy is predominantly agriculture. Rice cultivation alone accounts for 45% of the Gross National Product and 72% of the labour force. Vietnam has 71 million people (1995) and 85% are Vietnamese, only 2% of the population are Chinese. There are 60 different ethnic groups that make up the rest of Vietnams population. Vietnam is among the most densely populated country in the worl...

Environmental Compliance and Safety Research Paper

Environmental Compliance and Safety - Research Paper Example This was evidenced by lack of coordination between the various agencies and companies involved in oil drilling operations during the disaster. This paper examines corrective mechanisms employed to control the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and agencies involved in the exercise. In addition, the paper explores the compliance regulations violated during the exercise. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was triggered by an explosion in the British Petroleum (BP) operated Macondo well on April 20, 2010. The explosion killed eleven crewmembers of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig and several others suffered various levels of injuries (Ramseur, 2011). The blowout destroyed the drilling platform and it sunk two days later. Following the explosion, oil leakage was discovered on the sea floor and it continued discharging crude oil until its containment on July 15, 2010 (Uhlmann, 2011). According to Ramseur and Hargety (2011), over 4.9 million barrels were discharged into the water during the period. However, the exact volume of crude oil discharged remains unknown. The oil discharge was so voluminous that it contaminated the beaches of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida (Ramseur, 2011). The oil spill caused significant environmental and economic damage to the region. Commercial activities in the Gulf of Mexico especially commercial fishing and tourism were disrupted. Consequently, livelihoods of many people depending on these sectors were adversely affected. The impact on aquatic life was equally disastrous, killing numerous animals and plants in addition to polluting their habitats. The exact environmental, economic and social effects of the oil spill remain unknown up to date. However, the adverse environmental effects are expected to continue being felt in the affected region for many years, as demonstrated by the earlier Exxon Valdez oil discharge in 1989 (Uhlmann, 2011).

The Rookie Chief Information Security Officer Term Paper

The Rookie Chief Information Security Officer - Term Paper Example The human resource management department, finance department and operation department should present the security challenges faced (Cullen, 2011). IT Compliance Officer, Security Officer, Privacy Security Personnel and IT Security Engineer should also present the problem faced in their daily duties. The report from each office and department should be presented to the Chief Information Security officer for evaluation. Security manager and CISO will use the report to implement policies and procedures, which will ensure sufficient security in the organizations. After evaluation of the report, they will recommend the applicable points and do away with points which will not lead to improvement of the security. They will apply professional ethics and come up with other policies left by the departments. After completion, they will forward the draft to the General Manger. The GM will forward to the Board of Directors who will hold a meeting with the Security Manger and CISO to evaluate each policy and procedure. After evaluation, the board of directors will sign the draft for approval. Then the security department will ensure that each employee in every department has a copy or is aware of the policies. Security department will also ensure sufficient training to all departments to create awareness of security policies to each employee. The employees will help in reinforcing the policies (Neil, 2009). ii. Reporting Structure Chain of command will ensure smooth running of the organization. Each employee will be reporting to the person next in command. The organizational chart above represents the reporting channel. Security guarding and escort services will be provided by a contracted guard force. Guard will provide physical security services, public relationship services and patrol and escort services. Guards will ensure sufficient security for the organization’s asset and employees. They will provide assistant to customers visiting the organization by showing t hem location of offices. The guards will be managed by their supervisor who will report directly to the Security Officer. Security Officer will be responsible for maintenance of physical security. He/she will ensure that the contracted guard force maintains discipline and ethics (Mark, 2007). He will also check and record the available assets each day and carry out investigation in case of theft. Security officer will report direct to the CISO. The IT Security Engineer and the IT Security Compliance Officer will work to ensure that the information technology devices are maintained. They will ensure the hardware and software are maintained. They will evaluate the effectiveness of each device. They will provide a report in case of damage, loss and change of devices. They will report direct to the CISO. The Privacy Security Professional or the Investigation Officers will investigate theft, fraud and employee dishonest. They will carry out investigation in case of asset theft, cash thef t by employees and misconduct of the employee (Neil, 2009). In case of conflict between the employees, the investigation officer will carry out an inquiry to establish the source of the problem. Privacy Security Professionals will report direct to the CISO. The CISO will report to the Security Manager. The Security manager will be respons

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Research Paper

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, and Isolation to Attain Equality anc Civil Rights - Research Paper Example Consequently, various anti-racism movements emerged in order to end this trend of racism against blacks in the United States. Martin Luther King was one of the most famous black activists who paid his life for the sake of ending racism in the United States. The echo of his famous word 'I have a dream' still persists in the ears of activists and anti-racists, in an attempt to make this 'dream' come true. King himself was subjected to sever cases of racism and violence, as "during the 1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed, beaten, and eventually killed for his leadership in the civil-rights movement" ("Battling Racism: †¦."). In the United States, the year 1963 witnessed a major civil rights mobility with the efforts done by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in the field of fighting racial segregation. King, president of SCLC is now inspiring civil rights movements all over the United States to resist the social, economic, and p olitical practices that involve racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans. One of the most successful campaigns in this field is the Birmingham campaign, which has witnessed strategic effort that is exerted by King and his SCLC for the sake of promoting civil rights for African Americans. This campaign, which is based in Birmingham, Alabama lasted for more than two months in the spring of 1963, aiming "at ending the city's segregated civil and discriminatory economic policies" (Garrow, 1981). In fact, the effective tactics, strategies, and philosophies followed by King and his organization have played major roles in fulfilling the goals of the campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. The first and most significant aspect of King and his civil rights movement is the adoption of non-violent approaches to reach the goal of ending racial segregation in the United States. This tactic was particularly evident in the Birmingham campaign, where King and his African American fo llowers organized non-violent gatherings, marches, and boycotts in order push the city officials to review the civil laws that are considered by King and his movement unfair. King stressed the resort to non-violent approaches in Birmingham, when he declares that "the purpose of  ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation"(Garrow, 1981). Thus, it can be said that King, and his philosophy of nonviolence, was the dominant force in his civil rights movement that achieved great success in Birmingham. In employing the tactic of non-violent resistance against the practices of segregation, King was a strong believer in the power of non-violent approaches to attain legal demands of equality and abundance of racial segregation. In this context, King was inspired by the character of Gandhi in India, who was a strong advocate of the policy of non-resistance. Witnessing the success of Gandhi and his movement in reaching thei r goals in India, King believed that he also can succeed in forcing his government to abolish segregation laws. Thus, the core reason behind the success of Birmingham campaig

Microscopy, Cardiac muscle, Cornea, Eye Essay Example for Free

Microscopy, Cardiac muscle, Cornea, Eye Essay Abstract: Short {250 words max) overview of the experience that will summarize the objectives, methods, data collection and conclusion for the reader. This is a snapshot (advertisement) of your paper to entice the reader! Introduction: {WHY} you did this lab. For observation and dissection lab reports you simply want to inform the reader of your prior research/ readings on the subject and point out that before you did the experiment you had gaps in your knowledge and understanding of the topic. In other words this is the objectives section! Materials and methods- list the materials needed to repeat this lab and describe your methods {dissection procedure), how to use the microscope. Results/Observation Table Specimen Image/ Name/ magnification| Structures | Examples and functions| (Image)| Cell types, structures present, identification specific characteristics.| Describe where it is found in the body, its function as a unit or within a system.| | | | | | | | | | | | | Explanation of results: describe what you have observed as a narrative of the observation table in detail to a reader as if they were not there. Discussion- The â€Å"so what† portion of the lab report! Discuss findings and the significance of your data. You can use strong first person statements like I conclude that the samples of cardiac muscle were significantly different from skeletal muscles in that cardiac muscle tissue shows obvious intercalated disks and lacks the multinucleate presence of the skeletal muscle. Include a sentence or two on How to improve the experiment in the future or what the next step could be†¦ References: APA format is common and most acceptable. Sample discussion: The student performed the sheep eye dissection by following the standard procedure outlined in the Carolina guide. This dissection required proper safety equipment and attention to detail when making the initial incision through the sclera in order to maintain the choroid and retinal areas within the eye. The student used dissection scissors to remove the outer muscles and expose the location of the optic nerve within the adipose protective tissue associated with the posterior and lateral eye. Scissors were used to further open the sclera since the pressure from the scalpel would detach internal structures. Delicate and precise incisions were required to maintain the lens and attachment to the cilliary bodies or ligaments that suspend the lens within the aqueous humor behind the cornea. Aqueous humor and vitreous humor were observed in situ as the cornea and sclera were separated using scissors and pins to stabilize the specimen. The student made note of the unique structure called the tapetum which allows the sheep to have acute nocturnal vision. The tapetum is located deep to the retina and serves as a reflector and enhancer of the light wavelengths available at night. Having completed the dissection the student decided to further the experience in a future lab by comparing eye structures of other mammals or non-mammal animals in order to determine if there are structural similarities to the mammal eye.

Aerobic Exercise :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Aerobic Exercise Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aerobics is defined as a system of endurance exercises that promote cardiovascular fitness by producing and sustaining an elevated heart rate for a prolonged period of time, thereby pumping an increased amount of oxygen-rich blood to the muscles being used. In the world today a large number of U.S. citizens are over weight, you see them every where from school, to work, you see over weight people. In our fast pace world right now many people don’t have time to work out and if they do then they don’t fell like exercising. We have cities where governors dare the people to lose weight, and the most popular New Year’s resolution is to lose weight. . In this paper I will explain the benefits of aerobic exercise and why everyone should do some sort of exercising.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aerobic exercise is a perfect way to lose the weight you want to, by doing an aerobic exercise three to four times a week will really make you not just look healthier but also fell better. By doing aerobic exercise this many times a week you are sure to burn stored fat, and calories. With keeping you self in shape with these workouts you cut down your risk of getting disease like diabetes. There is nothing like a workout that makes you fell better the rest of the day, with aerobic exercises you can gain confidence about your body and yourself as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples of an aerobic exercise are running, swimming, and cycling can improve the body's use of oxygen, thereby allowing the heart to work less strenuously. Also new ways to exercise are machines that can monitor your heart rate and help you out in more than one way. As I said before when your heart acts more strenuously then you run a very good risk of heart attach, stroke, and diabetes. A properly balanced diet of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are essential. The object of any program of physical fitness is to maximize a person's health, strength, endurance, and skill relative to age, sex. These ends can only be realized through conscientious regulation of exercise, rest, diet, and periodic medical and dental examinations. But begin slowly and only gradually increased in strenuousness, then exercise should be regular and vigorous, once you exercise starts becoming easy then a person needs to switch up there workouts. A person should also pay attention to periods of sleep be regular and restful than that they extend any fixed number of hours.

The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm

The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm The story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic structure as all other fairy tales born from the oral tradition; what is commonly referred to as the opening, main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist – often very different for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot – which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale – and multiple layers underneath the literal action, exists a limitless journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a child’s life and development – explaining the desire for the tale to be read time and time again by the eager young mind. The opening of the story establishes a number of things: the characters (with the exception of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The short introduction is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzel’s mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to steal a head of lettuce from the witch, sends him on his journey. The husband’s acceptance of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his deal with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroine’s birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzel’s mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale. The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious level due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and detail are not relevant in what a fairy tale like Rapunzel achieves; its accomplishments are made possible by the strict structure of the plot which holds within itself much potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either one knowing it. Our favorite fairy tale has a reason for holding a special place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. Works Cited Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976. Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto: Broadview, 2002. The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm The story of Rapunzel, by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, has the same basic structure as all other fairy tales born from the oral tradition; what is commonly referred to as the opening, main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist – often very different for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot – which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale – and multiple layers underneath the literal action, exists a limitless journey of personal exploration. A fairy tale such as Rapunzel has many possible functions in a child’s life and development – explaining the desire for the tale to be read time and time again by the eager young mind. The opening of the story establishes a number of things: the characters (with the exception of the prince), their dispositions, and the first task. The short introduction is also in itself a short story, with its own three-part structure. Rapunzel’s mother, also known as the wife, by persuading her husband to steal a head of lettuce from the witch, sends him on his journey. The husband’s acceptance of his task finalizes the opening of the introduction. The following two trips to the forbidden garden, and his encounter and, later, his deal with the witch, complete the main part of still only the beginning of the story of Rapunzel. When the witch appears during the heroine’s birth and takes her away, the story of Rapunzel’s mother and father is complete, and in turn, so is the introduction to the tale. The conversion from the introduction to the main pa... ... on a subconscious level due to complex interactions between the plot, characterization and symbols. Length and detail are not relevant in what a fairy tale like Rapunzel achieves; its accomplishments are made possible by the strict structure of the plot which holds within itself much potential and multiple features, as well as the communications that exist between author and reader likely without either one knowing it. Our favorite fairy tale has a reason for holding a special place in our heart whether we know it or not, as does the story we love to hate and continue to read and re-read. Like the human psyche, the fairy tale can be studied not only rewardingly but without an end. Works Cited Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976. Hallett, Martin and Barbara Karasek, ed. Folk & Fairy Tales. Toronto: Broadview, 2002.